Network Color

Network Color

Optical fiber cable - china gigabit server adapter - gigabit ethernet network card

Design

A multi-fiber cable

In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a tough resin buffer layer, which may be further surrounded by a jacket layer, usually plastic. These layers add strength to the fiber but do not contribute to its optical wave guide properties. Rigid fiber assemblies sometimes put light-absorbing ("dark") glass between the fibers, to prevent light that leaks out of one fiber from entering another. This reduces cross-talk between the fibers, or reduces flare in fiber bundle imaging applications.

Left: LC/PC connectors

Right: SC/PC connectors

All four connectors have white caps covering the ferrules.

For indoor applications, the jacketed fiber is generally enclosed, with a bundle of flexible fibrous polymer strength members like Aramid (e.g. Twaron or Kevlar), in a lightweight plastic cover to form a simple cable. Each end of the cable may be terminated with a specialized optical fiber connector to allow it to be easily connected and disconnected from transmitting and receiving equipment.

An optical fiber breakout cable

For use in more strenuous environments, a much more robust cable construction is required. In loose-tube construction the fiber is laid helically into semi-rigid tubes, allowing the cable to stretch without stretching the fiber itself. This protects the fiber from tension during laying and due to temperature changes. Loose-tube fiber may be "dry block" or gel-filled. Dry block offers less protection to the fibers than gel-filled, but costs considerably less. Instead of a loose tube, the fiber may be embedded in a heavy polymer jacket, commonly called "tight buffer" construction. Tight buffer cables are offered for a variety of applications, but the two most common are "Breakout" and "Distribution". Breakout cables normally contain a rip cord, two non-conductive dielectric strengthening members (normally a glass rod epoxy), an aramid yarn, and 3 mm buffer tubing with an additional layer of Kevlar surrounding each fiber. Distribution cables have an overall Kevlar wrapping, a ripcord, and a 900 micrometer buffer coating surrounding each fiber. These fiber units are commonly bundled with additional steel strength members, again with a helical twist to allow for stretching.

A critical concern in cabling is to protect the fiber from contamination by water, because its component hydrogen (hydronium) and hydroxyl ions can diffuse into the fiber, reducing the fiber's strength and increasing the optical attenuation.[citation needed] Water is kept out of the cable by use of solid barriers such as copper tubes, water-repellant jelly, or more recently water absorbing powder, surrounding the fiber.

Finally, the cable may be armored to protect it from environmental hazards, such as construction work or gnawing animals. Undersea cables are more heavily armored in their near-shore portions to protect them from boat anchors, fishing gear, and even sharks, which may be attracted to the electrical power signals that are carried to power amplifiers or repeaters in the cable.

Modern fiber cables can contain up to a thousand fibers in a single cable, so the performance of optical networks easily accommodates even today's demands for bandwidth on a point-to-point basis. However, unused point-to-point potential bandwidth does not translate to operating profits, and it is estimated that no more than 1% of the optical fiber buried in recent years is actually 'lit'.[citation needed] While unused fiber may not be carrying traffic, it still has value as dark backbone fiber. Companies can lease or sell the unused fiber to other providers who are looking for service in or through an area. Many companies are "overbuilding" their networks for the specific purpose of having a large network of dark fiber for sale. This is a great idea as many cities are difficult to deal with when applying for permits and trenching in new ducts is very costly.

Modern cables come in a wide variety of sheathings and armor, designed for applications such as direct burial in trenches, dual use as power lines,[not in citation given] installation in conduit, lashing to aerial telephone poles, submarine installation, or insertion in paved streets. In recent years the cost of small fiber-count pole-mounted cables has greatly decreased due to the high Japanese and South Korean demand for fiber to the home (FTTH) installations.

Cable types

OFC: Optical fiber, conductive

OFN: Optical fiber, nonconductive

OFCG: Optical fiber, conductive, general use

OFNG: Optical fiber, nonconductive, general use

OFCP: Optical fiber, conductive, plenum

OFNP: Optical fiber, nonconductive, plenum

OFCR: Optical fiber, conductive, riser

OFNR: Optical fiber, nonconductive, riser

OPGW: Optical fiber composite overhead ground wire

This section requires expansion.

Jacket material

The jacket material is application specific. The material determines the mechanical robustness, aging due to UV radiation, oil resistance, etc. Nowadays PVC is being replaced by halogen free alternatives, mainly driven by more stringent regulations.

Material

Halogen-free

UV Resistance

Remark

LSFH Polymer

Yes

Good

Good for indoor use

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

No

Good

Being replaced by LSFH Polymer

Polyethylene (PE)

Yes

Poor

Good for outdoor applications

Polyurethane (PUR)

Yes

?

Highly flexible cables

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)

Yes

Fair?

Good for indoor use

Polyamide (PA)

Yes

Good-Poor

Indoor and outdoor use

Color coding

Patch cords

The buffer or jacket on patchcords is often color-coded to indicate the type of fiber used. The strain relief "boot" that protects the fiber from bending at a connector is color-coded to indicate the type of connection. Connectors with a plastic shell (such as SC connectors) typically use a color-coded shell. Standard color codings for jackets and boots (or connector shells) are shown below:

Buffer/jacket color

Meaning

Yellow

single-mode optical fiber

Orange

multi-mode optical fiber

Aqua

10 gig laser-optimized 50/125 micrometer multi-mode optical fiber

Grey

outdated color code for multi-mode optical fiber

Blue

Sometimes used to designate polarization-maintaining optical fiber

Connector Boot

Meaning

Comment

Blue

Physical Contact (PC), 0

mostly used for single mode fibers; some manufacturers use this for polarization-maintaining optical fiber.

Green

Angle Polished (APC), 8

not available for multimode fibers

Black

Physical Contact (PC), 0

Grey,

Beige

Physical Contact (PC), 0

multimode fiber connectors

White

Physical Contact (PC), 0

Red

High optical power. Sometimes used to connect external pump lasers or Raman pumps.

Remark: It is also possible that a small part of a connector is additionally colour-coded, e.g. the leaver of an E-2000 connector or a frame of an adapter. This additional colour coding indicates the correct port for a patchcord, if many patchcords are installed at one point.

Multi-fiber cables

Individual fibers in a multi-fiber cable are often distinguished from one another by color-coded jackets or buffers on each fiber. The identification scheme used by Corning Cable Systems is based on EIA/TIA-598, "Optical Fiber Cable Color Coding." EIA/TIA-598 defines identification schemes for fibers, buffered fibers, fiber units, and groups of fiber units within outside plant and premises optical fiber cables. This standard allows for fiber units to be identified by means of a printed legend. This method can be used for identification of fiber ribbons and fiber subunits. The legend will contain a corresponding printed numerical position number and/or color for use in identification.

EIA598-A Fiber Color Chart

Position

Jacket color

1

Blue

2

Orange

3

Green

4

Brown

5

Slate

6

White

7

Red

8

Black

9

Yellow

10

Violet

11

Rose

12

Aqua

13

Blue with black tracer

14

Orange with black tracer

15

Green with black tracer

16

Brown with black tracer

17

Slate with black tracer

18

White with black tracer

19

Red with black tracer

20

Black with yellow tracer

21

Yellow with black tracer

22

Violet with black tracer

23

Rose with black tracer

24

Aqua with black tracer

Color coding of Premise Fiber Cable

Fiber Type / Class

Diameter (m)

Jacket Color

Multimode 1a

50/125

Orange

Multimode 1a

62.5/125

Slate

Multimode 1a

85/125

Blue

Multimode 1a

100/140

Green

Singlemode IVa

All

Yellow

Singlemode IVb

All

Red

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Optical fiber cables

TIA/EIA-568-B Color coding for electrical cable

Optical fiber connector Fiber Optic connector types

Submarine communications cable

Notes and references

^ "Light collection and propagation". National Instruments' Developer Zone. http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/ph/p/id/129#toc2. Retrieved 2007-03-19. 

Hecht, Jeff (2002). Understanding Fiber Optics (4th ed. ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-027828-9. 

^ "Screening report for Alaska rural energy plan" (pdf). Alaska Division of Community and Regional Affairs. Archived from the original on May 8, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060508191931/http://www.dced.state.ak.us/dca/AEIS/PDF_Files/AIDEA_Energy_Screening.pdf. Retrieved Apr. 11, 2006. 

^ http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polymethylmethacrylate.html

^ http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polyvinylchloride-Unplasticised.html

^ http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polyethylene-Highdensity.html

^ http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polyethylene-LowDensity.html

^ http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polyethylene-UHMW.html

^ http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polybutyleneterephthalate.html

^ http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polyamide-Nylon12-30GlassFibreReinforced.html

^ http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polyamide-Nylon6.html

^ a b c Leroy Davis (2007-02-21). "Fiber wire color coding". http://www.interfacebus.com/Fiber_Insulation_Color_Code.html. Retrieved 2007-12-01. 

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